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Waiving intellectual property protections for erectile dysfunction treatments will not help to address the global supply shortage, the co-founder of a Massachusetts-based biopharmaceutical company told CNBC.The push for patent waivers is "political theater" and does not inherently allow others to create safe and effective treatments, which are already very difficult to make, said Jake Becraft, CEO and co-founder of Strand Therapeutics.His company does kamagra oral jelly uk sales not produce any erectile dysfunction treatments but is developing a platform to create programmable messenger RNA drugs, viagra vs cialis vs levitra vs kamagra which can trigger the body's own immune response to fight illnesses."We need to commit to what we're already manufacturing and scale that up across the world as much as we can," Becraft said Monday on CNBC's "Squawk Box Asia."treatment shortageA global shortage of erectile dysfunction treatments has left some countries scrambling for supplies to roll out their inoculation programs. In fact, India — the world's largest treatment producer — is also facing a domestic shortage in the middle of a devastating second wave.Health experts, rights groups and international medical charities have argued there is a critical need to waive IP rights kamagra oral jelly uk sales to address the global treatment shortage and avoid prolonging the health crisis. It comes as many countries are getting hit, especially in Asia, are struggling with new waves of s due to mutated erectile dysfunction treatment variants.But, treatment makers argue that such a move could disrupt the flow of raw materials and may lead to lower investments on health kamagra oral jelly uk sales research from smaller biotech innovators.Last year, India and South Africa submitted a joint proposal to the World Trade Organization to waive IP rights on erectile dysfunction treatments.Known as the Trips waiver — or Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights — the plan was blocked by some high-income countries including the U.K., Switzerland, Japan, Norway, Canada, and the European Union among others. France, for example, reasoned that the way to step up global inoculation is for treatment-producing nations to step up their exports.While the United States initially blocked the proposal, the Biden administration this month said it kamagra oral jelly uk sales supports waivers on IP rights for erectile dysfunction treatment.Boosting the supply chainBecraft said that the treatments need to be made in very controlled, high-tech facilities and that the required technology does not exist across the globe. That means that even with a patent waiver, some countries will not have the know-how to produce their own treatments.Instead, Becraft proposed that pharmaceutical companies like Moderna, Pfizer and BioNTech should instead be provided with incentives to transfer the technology to manufacturing sites around the world."If we want treatments that are safe and effective, we need to incentivize these companies to actually build out manufacturing capacity globally," he said."We need kamagra oral jelly uk sales to go to Moderna, we need to go to BioNTech, and say.

'What will it take for kamagra oral jelly uk sales you to transfer your technology to these developing world countries?. '" Becraft said.Unless treatments are globally accessible to everyone, there will always be a risk of a erectile dysfunction treatment variant that makes treatments ineffective, kamagra oral jelly uk sales he added. "All of our progress to this point will be for nothing."India's erectile dysfunction treatment crisisNisha Biswal, president of the U.S.-India Business Council agreed kamagra oral jelly uk sales that a patent waiver won't address the question of boosting treatment supplies to the rest of the world.With a patent waiver, it would take months or years before the technology, raw materials, and production capacity is up to the standard required for countries to be able to produce their own treatments, she told CNBC's "Squawk Box Asia" on Monday.Instead, the focus should be on helping countries that are already producing treatments to scale up their production."Many of these (treatment) manufactures are already in conversation with India, with Indian companies, on how they can try to have manufacturing in India of some of these," Biswal said. "That's probably a faster, and more efficient way to do it than to talk about a Trips waiver."Becraft from Strand Therapeutics added that in the longer-term, world governments need to provide more funding and infrastructure support for pharmaceutical companies to build manufacturing sites around the world.Last week kamagra oral jelly uk sales BioNTech announced it would build a manufacturing facility in Singapore to produce its mRNA-based treatments.— CNBC's Silvia Amaro contributed to reporting..

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erectile dysfunction treatment has buy kamagra fast delivery How to buy cheap seroquel evolved rapidly into a kamagra with global impacts. However, as the kamagra has developed, it has become increasingly buy kamagra fast delivery evident that the risks of erectile dysfunction treatment, both in terms of rates and particularly of severe complications, are not equal across all members of society. While general risk factors for hospital admission with erectile dysfunction treatment include age, male sex and specific comorbidities (eg, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes), there is increasing evidence that people identifying with Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groupsi have disproportionately higher risks of being adversely affected by erectile dysfunction treatment in the UK and the USA. The ethnic disparities include overall numbers of cases, as well as the relative numbers of critical care admissions and deaths.1In the area of mental health, for people from BAME groups, even before the current kamagra there were already significant mental health inequalities.2 buy kamagra fast delivery These inequalities have been increased by the kamagra in several ways.

The constraints of quarantine have made access to traditional face-to-face support from mental health services more difficult in general. This difficulty will increase pre-existing inequalities where there are buy kamagra fast delivery challenges to engaging people in care and in providing early access to services. The restrictions may also reduce the flexibility of care offers, given the need for social isolation, limiting non-essential travel and closure of routine clinics. The service impacts are compounded by constraints on the use of non-traditional or alternative routes to care and support.In addition, there is growing evidence of specific mental health consequences from significant erectile dysfunction treatment , with increased rates of not only post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression, but also specific neuropsychiatric symptoms.3 Given the higher risks of mental illnesses buy kamagra fast delivery and complex care needs among ethnic minorities and also in deprived inner city areas, erectile dysfunction treatment seems to deliver a double blow.

Physical and mental health vulnerabilities are inextricably linked, especially as a significant proportion of healthcare workers (including in mental health services) in the UK are from BAME groups.Focusing on mental health, there is very little erectile dysfunction treatment-specific guidance on the needs of patients in the BAME group. The risk to staff in general healthcare (including mental healthcare) is a buy kamagra fast delivery particular concern, and in response, the Royal College of Psychiatrists and NHS England have produced a report on the impact of erectile dysfunction treatment on BAME staff in mental healthcare settings, with guidance on assessment and management of risk using an associated risk assessment tool for staff.4 5However, there is little formal guidance for the busy clinician in balancing different risks for individual mental health patients and treating appropriately. Thus, for example, an inpatient clinician may want to know whether a patient who is older, has additional comorbidities and is from an ethnic background, should be started on one antipsychotic medication or another, or whether treatments such as vitamin D prophylaxis or treatment and venous thromboembolism prevention should be started earlier in the context of the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra. While syntheses of the existing guidelines are available about erectile dysfunction treatment and mental health,6 7 there is nothing specific buy kamagra fast delivery about the healthcare needs of patients from ethnic minorities during the kamagra.To fill this gap, we propose three core actions that may help:Ensure good information and psychoeducation packages are made available to those with English as a second language, and ensure health beliefs and knowledge are based on the best evidence available.

Address culturally grounded explanatory models and illness perceptions to allay fears and worry, and ensure timely access to testing and care if needed.Maintain levels buy kamagra fast delivery of service, flexibility in care packages, and personal relationships with patients and carers from ethnic minority backgrounds in order to continue existing care and to identify changes needed to respond to worsening of mental health.Consider modifications to existing interventions such as psychological therapies and pharmacotherapy. Have a high index of suspicion to take into account emerging physical health problems and the greater risk of serious consequences of erectile dysfunction treatment in ethnic minority people with pre-existing chronic conditions and vulnerability factors.These actions are based on clinical common sense, but guidance in this area should be provided on the basis of good evidence. There has already been a call for urgent research buy kamagra fast delivery in the area of erectile dysfunction treatment and mental health8 and also a clear need for specific research focusing on the post-erectile dysfunction treatment mental health needs of people from the BAME group. Research also needs to recognise the diverse range of different people, with different needs and vulnerabilities, who are grouped under the multidimensional term BAME, including people from different generations, first-time migrants, people from Africa, India, the Caribbean and, more recently, migrants from Eastern Europe.

Application of a race equality impact assessment to all research questions and methodology has recently been proposed as a first step in this process.2 At this early buy kamagra fast delivery stage, the guidance for assessing risks of erectile dysfunction treatment for health professionals is also useful for patients, until more refined decision support and prediction tools are developed. A recent Public Health England report on ethnic minorities and erectile dysfunction treatment9 recommends better recording of ethnicity data in health and social care, and goes further to suggest this should also apply to death certificates. Furthermore, the report recommends more participatory and experience-based research to understand causes and consequences of pre-existing multimorbidity and erectile dysfunction treatment , integrated care systems that work buy kamagra fast delivery well for susceptible and marginalised groups, culturally competent health promotion, prevention and occupational risk assessments, and recovery strategies to mitigate the risks of widening inequalities as we come out of restrictions.Primary data collection will need to cover not only hospital admissions but also data from primary care, linking information on mental health, erectile dysfunction treatment and ethnicity. We already have research and specific guidance emerging on other risk factors, such as age and gender.

Now we also need to buy kamagra fast delivery focus on an equally important aspect of vulnerability. As clinicians, we need to balance the relative risks for each of our patients, so that we can act promptly and proactively in response to their individual needs.10 For this, we need evidence-based guidance to ensure we are balancing every risk appropriately and without bias.Footnotei While we have used the term ‘people identifying with BAME groups’, we recognise that this is a multidimensional group and includes vast differences in culture, identity, heritage and histories contained within this abbreviated term..

erectile dysfunction treatment has evolved rapidly into a kamagra with global impacts kamagra oral jelly uk sales. However, as kamagra oral jelly uk sales the kamagra has developed, it has become increasingly evident that the risks of erectile dysfunction treatment, both in terms of rates and particularly of severe complications, are not equal across all members of society. While general risk factors for hospital admission with erectile dysfunction treatment include age, male sex and specific comorbidities (eg, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes), there is increasing evidence that people identifying with Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groupsi have disproportionately higher risks of being adversely affected by erectile dysfunction treatment in the UK and the USA.

The ethnic disparities include overall numbers of cases, as well as the relative numbers of critical care admissions kamagra oral jelly uk sales and deaths.1In the area of mental health, for people from BAME groups, even before the current kamagra there were already significant mental health inequalities.2 These inequalities have been increased by the kamagra in several ways. The constraints of quarantine have made access to traditional face-to-face support from mental health services more difficult in general. This difficulty will increase pre-existing inequalities where there are challenges to engaging people in care and in providing early access kamagra oral jelly uk sales to services.

The restrictions may also reduce the flexibility of care offers, given the need for social isolation, limiting non-essential travel and closure of routine clinics. The service impacts are compounded by constraints on the use of non-traditional or alternative routes to care and support.In addition, there is growing evidence of specific mental health consequences from significant erectile dysfunction treatment , with increased rates kamagra oral jelly uk sales of not only post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety and depression, but also specific neuropsychiatric symptoms.3 Given the higher risks of mental illnesses and complex care needs among ethnic minorities and also in deprived inner city areas, erectile dysfunction treatment seems to deliver a double blow. Physical and mental health vulnerabilities are inextricably linked, especially as a significant proportion of healthcare workers (including in mental health services) in the UK are from BAME groups.Focusing on mental health, there is very little erectile dysfunction treatment-specific guidance on the needs of patients in the BAME group.

The risk to staff in general healthcare (including mental healthcare) kamagra oral jelly uk sales is a particular concern, and in response, the Royal College of Psychiatrists and NHS England have produced a report on the impact of erectile dysfunction treatment on BAME staff in mental healthcare settings, with guidance on assessment and management of risk using an associated risk assessment tool for staff.4 5However, there is little formal guidance for the busy clinician in balancing different risks for individual mental health patients and treating appropriately. Thus, for example, an inpatient clinician may want to know whether a patient who is older, has additional comorbidities and is from an ethnic background, should be started on one antipsychotic medication or another, or whether treatments such as vitamin D prophylaxis or treatment and venous thromboembolism prevention should be started earlier in the context of the erectile dysfunction treatment kamagra. While syntheses of the existing guidelines are available about erectile dysfunction treatment and mental health,6 7 there is nothing specific about the kamagra oral jelly uk sales healthcare needs of patients from ethnic minorities during the kamagra.To fill this gap, we propose three core actions that may help:Ensure good information and psychoeducation packages are made available to those with English as a second language, and ensure health beliefs and knowledge are based on the best evidence available.

Address culturally grounded explanatory models and illness perceptions to allay fears and worry, kamagra oral jelly uk sales and ensure timely access to testing and care if needed.Maintain levels of service, flexibility in care packages, and personal relationships with patients and carers from ethnic minority backgrounds in order to continue existing care and to identify changes needed to respond to worsening of mental health.Consider modifications to existing interventions such as psychological therapies and pharmacotherapy. Have a high index of suspicion to take into account emerging physical health problems and the greater risk of serious consequences of erectile dysfunction treatment in ethnic minority people with pre-existing chronic conditions and vulnerability factors.These actions are based on clinical common sense, but guidance in this area should be provided on the basis of good evidence. There has already been a call for urgent research in the kamagra oral jelly uk sales area of erectile dysfunction treatment and mental health8 and also a clear need for specific research focusing on the post-erectile dysfunction treatment mental health needs of people from the BAME group.

Research also needs to recognise the diverse range of different people, with different needs and vulnerabilities, who are grouped under the multidimensional term BAME, including people from different generations, first-time migrants, people from Africa, India, the Caribbean and, more recently, migrants from Eastern Europe. Application of a race equality impact assessment to all research questions and methodology has recently been proposed as a first step in this process.2 At this early stage, kamagra oral jelly uk sales the guidance for assessing risks of erectile dysfunction treatment for health professionals is also useful for patients, until more refined decision support and prediction tools are developed. A recent Public Health England report on ethnic minorities and erectile dysfunction treatment9 recommends better recording of ethnicity data in health and social care, and goes further to suggest this should also apply to death certificates.

Furthermore, the report recommends more participatory and experience-based research to understand causes and consequences of pre-existing multimorbidity and erectile dysfunction treatment , integrated care systems that work well for susceptible and marginalised groups, culturally competent health promotion, prevention and occupational risk assessments, and recovery strategies kamagra oral jelly uk sales to mitigate the risks of widening inequalities as we come out of restrictions.Primary data collection will need to cover not only hospital admissions but also data from primary care, linking information on mental health, erectile dysfunction treatment and ethnicity. We already have research and specific guidance emerging on other risk factors, such as age and gender. Now we also need to focus on kamagra oral jelly uk sales an equally important aspect of vulnerability.

As clinicians, we need to balance the relative risks for each of our patients, so that we can act promptly and proactively in response to their individual needs.10 For this, we need evidence-based guidance to ensure we are balancing every risk appropriately and without bias.Footnotei While we have used the term ‘people identifying with BAME groups’, we recognise that this is a multidimensional group and includes vast differences in culture, identity, heritage and histories contained within this abbreviated term..

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The role of personality in health has been under speculation kamagra online in canada for decades see page. The rise of coherent theories of personality and the inclusion of modern personality trait measures in large-scale epidemiological studies has only rather recently enabled to examine this question profoundly kamagra online in canada. Numerous studies have shown that from the five major personality traits, conscientiousness—describing individual differences, for example, in self-regulation, orderliness and carefulness—has emerged as maybe the most important personality factor in lifespan health with low consciousness being associated with a wide range of measures of health and well-being,1 including reduced life expectancy.2 This has sparked several calls highlighting the policy relevance of personality traits.3 4 However, personality traits are typically not included in health guidelines, and the potential causality between personality traits and health outcomes has remained inconclusive.The study by Singh-Manoux et al5 makes an important contribution ….

The role of personality in health has been under speculation for kamagra oral jelly uk sales decades. The rise of coherent theories of personality and the kamagra oral jelly uk sales inclusion of modern personality trait measures in large-scale epidemiological studies has only rather recently enabled to examine this question profoundly. Numerous studies have shown that from the five major personality traits, conscientiousness—describing individual differences, for example, in self-regulation, orderliness and carefulness—has emerged as maybe the most important personality factor in lifespan health with low consciousness being associated with a wide range of measures of health and well-being,1 including reduced life expectancy.2 This has sparked several calls highlighting the policy relevance of personality traits.3 4 However, personality traits are typically not included in health guidelines, and the potential causality between personality traits and health outcomes has remained inconclusive.The study by Singh-Manoux et al5 makes an important contribution ….

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Breathe into the small black device, no bigger than an cheapest kamagra oral jelly online asthma inhaler, and receive a status report on what's called your metabolic flexibility. Then use that information to make lifestyle changes to boost performance and see an uptick in health.The gadget has arrived among rising clamour from biohackers, intermittent fasting aficionados and rival tech developers (such as ketosis tracker Keyto) that insist the secret to a long, healthy life boils down to one major thing. Our metabolism.Are they right?. Metabolic FlexibilityLoosely speaking, metabolism refers to the bodily processes cheapest kamagra oral jelly online that supply us with energy. These collective processes are designed to move primarily between two major states.

Absorptive (fed) and postabsorptive (fasting). In the former, usually after a meal, the body burns carbohydrates from food and stores excess as glycogen for later cheapest kamagra oral jelly online use. In the latter, it burns this stored fuel instead. (There is a third state, starvation, but it only occurs where the body is deprived of nutrients for an extended cheapest kamagra oral jelly online period of time and begins to break down muscle.) Metabolic flexibility is the term used to describe the efficiency and speed with which you move between the two states. Despite throwing up 42 million search results on Google and acting as the main talking point at biohacking summits the world over, the concept of metabolic flexibility has only been circulating for about two decades.

In 1999, endocrinologist David E. Kelley compared the effects cheapest kamagra oral jelly online of an overnight fast on lean versus obese patients. Leaner people, he found, adapted far more quickly, their bodies promptly switching to a postabsorptive state. Obese patients didn’t adapt nearly as fast — they were metabolically inflexible.In the years since Kelley coined the term, “it’s become very sexy,” says Eric Ravussin, director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. In fact, it’s been adopted as a sort of shorthand for optimal cheapest kamagra oral jelly online health.

Red hot chilies, ice-cold showers and endless cups of green tea are just a few of the hacks recommended online by people who argue we can push our metabolism more efficiently between these two states to achieve goals in weight loss, exercise and overall health.As Kelley’s initial discovery would suggest, there is evidence of a link between metabolic flexibility and both weight management and exercise. A 2019 paper published in Cell Metabolism found the body’s ability to switch between fuels in response to the composition of diet was linked to a susceptibility to weight gain. And a review published in the same journal two years earlier highlighted evidence that efficiently matching “fuel availability with metabolic machinery” could help boost athletic performance.But Merav Mor, and other advocates, go far beyond metabolic flexibility as a cheapest kamagra oral jelly online tool for weight loss or shaving a few seconds off a 100-meter sprint. They claim that it can help create a stronger immune system, improve sleep and boost longevity.The science doesn’t back up these broader health claims, though, says Ravussin. Not least because a robust human study would take 100 years, he points out.

The only indicators we have of a link between metabolic cheapest kamagra oral jelly online flexibility and longevity right now are in mice. A 2015 review in Nature Cell Biology confirmed that studies have shown calorie restriction in mice can improve metabolic flexibility and increase lifespan.“It's like any other kind of bright, shiny object,” says Susan Roberts, lead scientist of the Energy Metabolism Team at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging. “Something new comes into science, and it sounds so attractive we think cheapest kamagra oral jelly online that maybe it's the solution to everybody's problem. But does metabolic flexibility account for 1 percent of health?. 50 percent?.

0.01 cheapest kamagra oral jelly online percent?. That, for me, remains the question.”The other question is, what can we do about it?. Metabolism HackThe creators of Lumen say we all have the capacity to hack metabolic flexibility for optimal health. Its devices provide users with a metabolic level cheapest kamagra oral jelly online based on the composition of a single breath, or what’s known as respiratory quotient (RQ). The idea is that when our metabolism is in a postabsorptive or fasted state, less carbon dioxide is released.

Holding your breath for 10 seconds before exhaling into the device, Lumen say, captures this RQ and gives an accurate reading on your current metabolic state.The premise is that a “healthy body is one that relies on fat stores in the morning,” says Mor. If the device detects this postabsorptive state first thing, then you’re on the cheapest kamagra oral jelly online right track. If not, Lumen recommends lifestyle changes around sleep, exercise or diet, that help you improve it for next time. Easy.Or is it?. There are links cheapest kamagra oral jelly online between lifestyle factors and metabolic performance.

Sleep deprivation can damage overall metabolic health, for instance, while regular exercise can help prevent diseases linked to metabolism, such as type 2 diabetes.But our ability to hack metabolism is limited. “Your metabolism is mostly cheapest kamagra oral jelly online determined by your body composition and your genetic background,” says Ravussin. Back in the ’90s, Ravussin studied Pima Indians living in Arizona over an eight year period — a group with the second highest prevalence of obesity in the world. Genes, he discovered, were crucial.Even [which] Mor accepts that factors such as age and historic activity levels play into the extent to which you can tinker with metabolism. “But there’s no question about seeing improvement,” she says.For Roberts, of all the various ways we can boost health, painstakingly tracking metabolism isn’t where she would focus cheapest kamagra oral jelly online efforts now.

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Michal Mor where can i buy kamagra online hopes that one day, checking metabolism kamagra oral jelly uk sales could be as routine as brushing your teeth. “The vision is that everyone manages lifestyle based on their unique metabolism,” she says. “It’s this metric that will help us live longer and healthier.” In May, Mor and her twin sister Merav — both of them Ironman competitors with doctorates in psychology — kamagra oral jelly uk sales launched Lumen.

The device, they say, helps users track and “hack” their metabolism. It’s a simple concept. Breathe into the small black device, no bigger than an asthma inhaler, and receive a kamagra oral jelly uk sales status report on what's called your metabolic flexibility.

Then use that information to make lifestyle changes to boost performance and see an uptick in health.The gadget has arrived among rising clamour from biohackers, intermittent fasting aficionados and rival tech developers (such as ketosis tracker Keyto) that insist the secret to a long, healthy life boils down to one major thing. Our metabolism.Are they right?. Metabolic FlexibilityLoosely speaking, metabolism refers to the bodily kamagra oral jelly uk sales processes that supply us with energy.

These collective processes are designed to move primarily between two major states. Absorptive (fed) and postabsorptive (fasting). In the former, usually after a meal, the kamagra oral jelly uk sales body burns carbohydrates from food and stores excess as glycogen for later use.

In the latter, it burns this stored fuel instead. (There is a third state, starvation, but it only occurs where the body is deprived of nutrients for an extended period of time and begins to break down muscle.) Metabolic flexibility is the term used to describe the efficiency and speed with which you kamagra oral jelly uk sales move between the two states. Despite throwing up 42 million search results on Google and acting as the main talking point at biohacking summits the world over, the concept of metabolic flexibility has only been circulating for about two decades.

In 1999, endocrinologist David E. Kelley compared the kamagra oral jelly uk sales effects of an overnight fast on lean versus obese patients. Leaner people, he found, adapted far more quickly, their bodies promptly switching to a postabsorptive state.

Obese patients didn’t adapt nearly as fast — they were metabolically inflexible.In the years since Kelley coined the term, “it’s become very sexy,” says Eric Ravussin, director of the Nutrition Obesity Research Center at the Pennington Biomedical Research Center. In fact, it’s been adopted as a sort of kamagra oral jelly uk sales shorthand for optimal health. Red hot chilies, ice-cold showers and endless cups of green tea are just a few of the hacks recommended online by people who argue we can push our metabolism more efficiently between these two states to achieve goals in weight loss, exercise and overall health.As Kelley’s initial discovery would suggest, there is evidence of a link between metabolic flexibility and both weight management and exercise.

A 2019 paper published in Cell Metabolism found the body’s ability to switch between fuels in response to the composition of diet was linked to a susceptibility to weight gain. And a review published in the same journal two years earlier highlighted evidence that efficiently matching “fuel availability with metabolic kamagra oral jelly uk sales machinery” could help boost athletic performance.But Merav Mor, and other advocates, go far beyond metabolic flexibility as a tool for weight loss or shaving a few seconds off a 100-meter sprint. They claim that it can help create a stronger immune system, improve sleep and boost longevity.The science doesn’t back up these broader health claims, though, says Ravussin.

Not least because a robust human study would take 100 years, he points out. The only indicators we kamagra oral jelly uk sales have of a link between metabolic flexibility and longevity right now are in mice. A 2015 review in Nature Cell Biology confirmed that studies have shown calorie restriction in mice can improve metabolic flexibility and increase lifespan.“It's like any other kind of bright, shiny object,” says Susan Roberts, visit this site lead scientist of the Energy Metabolism Team at the Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging.

“Something new comes into science, and it sounds so attractive we think that maybe it's the solution to everybody's problem kamagra oral jelly uk sales. But does metabolic flexibility account for 1 percent of health?. 50 percent?.

0.01 kamagra oral jelly uk sales percent?. That, for me, remains the question.”The other question is, what can we do about it?. Metabolism HackThe creators of Lumen say we all have the capacity to hack metabolic flexibility for optimal health.

Its devices provide users with a metabolic level based on the composition of a single breath, or what’s kamagra oral jelly uk sales known as respiratory quotient (RQ). The idea is that when our metabolism is in a postabsorptive or fasted state, less carbon dioxide is released. Holding your breath for 10 seconds before exhaling into the device, Lumen say, captures this RQ and gives an accurate reading on your current metabolic state.The premise is that a “healthy body is one that relies on fat stores in the morning,” says Mor.

If the device detects kamagra oral jelly uk sales this postabsorptive state first thing, then you’re on the right track. If not, Lumen recommends lifestyle changes around sleep, exercise or diet, that help you improve it for next time. Easy.Or is it?.

There are links between kamagra oral jelly uk sales lifestyle factors and metabolic performance. Sleep deprivation can damage overall metabolic health, for instance, while regular exercise can help prevent diseases linked to metabolism, such as type 2 diabetes.But our ability to hack metabolism is limited. “Your metabolism is mostly determined by your kamagra oral jelly uk sales body composition and your genetic background,” says Ravussin.

Back in the ’90s, Ravussin studied Pima Indians living in Arizona over an eight year period — a group with the second highest prevalence of obesity in the world. Genes, he discovered, were crucial.Even [which] Mor accepts that factors such as age and historic activity levels play into the extent to which you can tinker with metabolism. “But there’s no question about seeing improvement,” she says.For Roberts, of all kamagra oral jelly uk sales the various ways we can boost health, painstakingly tracking metabolism isn’t where she would focus efforts now.

“We need another couple of years of studies and then maybe it'll prove to be important,” she says. “But at this point, there are more important things. Do you kamagra oral jelly uk sales eat junk food?.

Do you eat late at night?. Do you stop eating at 6 p.m. And give your stomach time to recover?.

These are areas with really good evidence. This is all just a bit premature.”.

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About This TrackerThis Seroquel online purchase tracker how to get kamagra provides the number of confirmed cases and deaths from novel erectile dysfunction by country, the trend in confirmed case and death counts by country, and a global map showing which countries have confirmed cases and deaths. The data are drawn from the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) erectile dysfunction Resource Center’s erectile dysfunction treatment Map and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) erectile dysfunction Disease (erectile dysfunction treatment-2019) situation reports.This tracker will be updated regularly, as new data are released.Related Content. About erectile dysfunction treatment how to get kamagra erectile dysfunctionIn late 2019, a new erectile dysfunction emerged in central China to cause disease in humans. Cases of this disease, known as erectile dysfunction treatment, have since been reported across around the globe.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the kamagra represents a how to get kamagra public health emergency of international concern, and on January 31, 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared it to be a health emergency for the United States.Key PointsOn January 23, 2017, President Donald Trump reinstated and expanded the Mexico City Policy via presidential memorandum, renaming it “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance.” This explainer provides an overview of the policy, including its history, changes over time, and current application.First announced in 1984 by the Reagan administration, the policy has been rescinded and reinstated by subsequent administrations along party lines and has now been in effect for 19 of the past 34 years.The policy requires foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to certify that they will not “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning” using funds from any source (including non-U.S. Funds) as a how to get kamagra condition of receiving U.S. Government global family planning assistance and, as of Jan.

23, 2017, most other U.S how to get kamagra. Global health assistance.The Trump administration’s application of the policy extends to the vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health assistance, including funding for HIV under PEPFAR, how to get kamagra maternal and child health, malaria, nutrition, and other programs. This marks a significant expansion of its scope, potentially encompassing $7.3 billion in FY 2020, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly (family planning assistance accounts for approximately $600 million of that total).Additionally, as a result of a March 2019 policy announcement and subsequent information released in June 2019, the policy, for the first time, prohibits foreign NGOs who accept the policy from providing any financial support using any source of funds and for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.

This greatly extends how to get kamagra its reach to other areas of U.S. Development assistance beyond global health and to other non-U.S. Funding streams.More recently, in September how to get kamagra 2020, a proposed rule to extend the policy to contracts was published. If finalized, it would greatly extend the reach of the policy beyond grants and cooperative agreements to also include contracts.KFF analyses have found that:more than half of the countries in which the U.S.

Provides bilateral global health assistance allow for legal abortion in at least one case not how to get kamagra permitted by the policy (analysis). Andhad the expanded policy been in effect during the FY 2013 – FY 2015 period, at least 1,275 foreign NGOs would have been subject to the policy (analysis).What is the Mexico City Policy?. The Mexico how to get kamagra City Policy is a U.S. Government policy that – when in effect – has required foreign NGOs to certify that they will not “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning” using funds from any source (including non-U.S.

Funds) as a how to get kamagra condition of receiving U.S. Global family planning assistance and, as of Jan. 23, 2017, how to get kamagra most other U.S. Global health assistance.The policy was first announced by the Reagan administration at the 2nd International Conference on Population, which was held in Mexico City, Mexico, on August 6-14, 1984 (hence its name.

See Box how to get kamagra 1). Under the Trump administration, the policy has been renamed “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance” (PLGHA). Among opponents, how to get kamagra it is also known as the “Global Gag Rule,” because among other activities, it prohibits foreign NGOs from using any funds (including non-U.S. Funds) to provide information about abortion as a method of family planning and to lobby a foreign government to legalize abortion.

€œ[T]he United States does not consider abortion how to get kamagra an acceptable element of family planning programs and will no longer contribute to those of which it is a part. €¦[T]he United States will no longer contribute to separate nongovernmental organizations which perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations.”When first instituted in 1984, the Mexico City Policy marked an expansion of existing legislative restrictions that already prohibited U.S. Funding for abortion internationally, with some exceptions (see how to get kamagra below). Prior to the policy, foreign NGOs could use non-U.S.

Funds to engage in certain voluntary abortion-related how to get kamagra activities as long as they maintained segregated accounts for any U.S. Money received, but after the Mexico City Policy was in place, they were no longer permitted to do so if they wanted to receive U.S. Family planning assistance.The Trump administration’s application of the policy how to get kamagra to the vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health assistance, including funding for HIV under the U.S.

President’s Emergency Plan for how to get kamagra AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), maternal and child health, malaria, nutrition, and other programs, marks a significant expansion of its scope, potentially encompassing $7.3 billion in FY 2020, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly (family planning assistance accounted for approximately $600 million of that total). The Administration’s more recent extension of the policy to include any financial support (health or otherwise) provided by foreign NGOs for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning is likely to encompass significant additional funding.When has it been in effect?. The Mexico City Policy has been in effect for 19 of the past 34 years, primarily through executive action, and has been instated, rescinded, and reinstated by presidential administrations along party lines (see Table 1).The policy was first instituted in 1984 (taking effect in 1985) by President Ronald Reagan and continued to be in effect through President George H.W. Bush’s administration how to get kamagra.

It was rescinded by President Bill Clinton in 1993 (although it was reinstated legislatively for one year during his second term. See below) how to get kamagra. The policy was reinstated by President George W. Bush in 2001 how to get kamagra and then rescinded by President Barack Obama in 2009.

It is currently in effect, having been reinstated by President Trump in 2017. YearsIn Effect? how to get kamagra. Presidential Administration (Party Affiliation)Executive (E) or Congressional (C) Action?. 1985-1989YesReagan (R)E1989-1993YesBush (R)E1993-1999 Sept.NoClinton (D)E1999 Oct.-2000 Sept.Yes*Clinton how to get kamagra (D)C2000 Oct.-2001NoClinton (D)E2001-2009YesBush (R)E2009-2017NoObama (D)E2017-presentYesTrump (R)ENOTES.

Shaded blue indicate periods when policy was in effect. * There was a temporary, one-year legislative imposition of the policy, which included a portion of the restrictions in effect in other how to get kamagra years and an option for the president to waive these restrictions in part. However, if the waiver option was exercised (for no more than $15 million in family planning assistance), then $12.5 million of this funding would be transferred to maternal and child health assistance. The president how to get kamagra did exercise the waiver option.SOURCES.

€œPolicy Statement of the United States of America at the United Nations International Conference on Population (Second Session), Mexico City, Mexico, August 6-14, 1984,” undated. Bill Clinton Administration, how to get kamagra “Subject. AID Family Planning Grants/Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Acting Administrator of the Agency for International Development, January 22, 1993, Clinton White House Archives, https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/01/1993-01-22-aid-family-planning-grants-mexico-city-policy.html. FY 2000 Consolidated how to get kamagra Appropriations Act, P.L.

106-113. George W how to get kamagra. Bush Administration, “Subject. Restoration of the Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Administrator of the United how to get kamagra States Agency for International Development, January 22, 2001, Bush Administration White House Archives, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/20010123-5.html.

€œSubject. Restoration of the how to get kamagra Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, March 28, 2001, Federal Register, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/03/29/01-8011/restoration-of-the-mexico-city-policy. George W. Bush Administration, how to get kamagra “Subject.

Assistance for Voluntary Population Planning,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, August 29, 2003, Bush Administration White House Archives, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/08/20030829-3.html. Barack Obama Administration, “Mexico City Policy and Assistance for Voluntary how to get kamagra Population Planning,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, January 23, 2009, Obama White House Archives, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/mexico-city-policy-and-assistance-voluntary-population-planning. White House, “The Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, Jan. 23, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/23/presidential-memorandum-regarding-mexico-city-policy.How is it instituted (and rescinded)? how to get kamagra.

The Mexico City Policy has, for the most part, been instituted or rescinded through executive branch action (typically via presidential memoranda). While Congress how to get kamagra has the ability to institute the policy through legislation, this has happened only once in the past. A modified version of the policy was briefly applied by Congress during President Clinton’s last year in office as part of a broader arrangement to pay the U.S. Debt to the how to get kamagra United Nations.

(At that time, President Clinton was able to partially waive the policy’s restrictions.) Other attempts to institute the policy through legislation have not been enacted into law, nor have legislative attempts to overturn the policy. See Table how to get kamagra 1.Who does the policy apply to?. The policy, when in effect, applies to foreign NGOs as a condition for receiving U.S. Family planning support and, now, other global health assistance, either directly (as the main – or prime – recipient of U.S.

Funding) or indirectly (as a recipient how to get kamagra of U.S. Funding through an agreement with the prime recipient. Referred to as a sub-recipient) how to get kamagra. Specifically, a foreign NGO “recipient agrees that it will not, during the term of this award, perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in foreign countries or provide financial support to any other foreign non-governmental organization that conducts such activities.”Foreign NGOs include:international NGOs that are based outside the U.S.,regional NGOs that are based outside the U.S., andlocal NGOs in assisted countries.U.S.

NGOs, while not directly subject to the Mexico City Policy, must also agree to ensure that they do not provide funding to any how to get kamagra foreign NGO sub-recipients unless those sub-recipients have first certified adherence to the policy. Specifically, a U.S. NGO “recipient how to get kamagra (A) agrees that it will not furnish health assistance under this award to any foreign non-governmental organization that performs or actively promotes abortion as a method of family planning in foreign countries. And (B) further agrees to require that such sub-recipients do not provide financial support to any other foreign non-governmental organization that conducts such activities.”As in the past, the current policy does not apply to funding provided by the U.S.

Government to foreign governments (national or sub-national), public international organizations, and other multilateral entities, such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis how to get kamagra and Malaria and Gavi, the treatment Alliance. However, this funding is subject to the policy if it flows through a foreign NGO that has accepted the policy. See “What is ‘financial how to get kamagra support’?. € below.To what assistance does it apply?.

In the past, foreign NGOs have been required to adhere to the Mexico City Policy – when it was in effect – as a condition of receiving how to get kamagra support through certain U.S. International funding streams. Family planning assistance through the U.S how to get kamagra. Agency for International Development (USAID) and, beginning in 2003, family planning assistance through the U.S.

Department of State how to get kamagra. In the 2003 memorandum announcing the policy’s expansion to include the Department of State, President Bush stated that the policy did not apply to funding for global HIV/AIDS programs and that multilateral organizations that are associations of governments are not included among “foreign NGOs.”The current policy, reinstated in 2017, applies to the vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health how to get kamagra assistance furnished by all agencies and departments. “Assistance” includes “the provision of funds, commodities, equipment, or other in-kind global health assistance.” Specifically, the expanded policy applies to nearly all bilateral global health assistance, including.

family planning and reproductive healthfor the first time:maternal how to get kamagra and child health (including household-level water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH))nutritionHIV under PEPFARtuberculosismalaria under the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI)neglected tropical diseasesglobal health securitycertain types of research activitiesThe policy applies to the assistance described above that is appropriated directly to three agencies and departments. USAID. The Department how to get kamagra of State, including the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, which oversees and coordinates U.S. Global HIV funding under PEPFAR.

And for the first how to get kamagra time, the Department of Defense (DoD). When such funding is transferred to another agency, including the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), it remains subject to the policy, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly.The policy applies to three types of funding agreements for such assistance. Grants. Cooperative agreements.

And, for the first time, contracts, pending necessary rule-making that would be needed to do so (a proposed rule to accomplish this was published in September 2020).The policy does not apply to U.S. Assistance for. Water supply and sanitation activities, which is usually focused on infrastructure and systems. Humanitarian assistance, including activities related to migration and refugee assistance activities as well as disaster and humanitarian relief activities.

The American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) program. And Food for Peace (FFP). However, this funding is subject to the policy if it flows through a foreign NGO that has accepted the policy. See “What is ‘financial support’?.

€ below.What activities are prohibited?. The policy prohibits foreign NGOs that receive U.S. Family planning assistance and, now, most other U.S. Bilateral global health assistance from using funds from any source (including non-U.S.

Funds) to “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.” In addition to providing abortions with non-U.S. Funds, restricted activities also include the following:providing advice and information about and offering referral for abortion – where legal – as part of the full range of family planning options,promoting changes in a country’s laws or policies related to abortion as a method of family planning (i.e., engaging in lobbying), andconducting public information campaigns about abortion as a method of family planning.The prohibition of these activities are why the policy has been referred to by its critics as the “Global Gag Rule.”Additionally, for the first time, the policy prohibits foreign NGOs from providing any financial support with any source of funds (including non-U.S. Funding) and for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning. See “What is “financial support?.

€ below.The policy, however, does not prohibit foreign NGOs from:providing advice and information about, performing, or offering referral for abortion in cases where the pregnancy has either posed a risk to the life of the mother or resulted from incest or rape. Andresponding to a question about where a safe, legal abortion may be obtained when a woman who is already pregnant clearly states that she has already decided to have a legal abortion (passively providing information, versus actively providing medically-appropriate information).In addition, the expanded policy does not apply to healthcare providers who have an affirmative duty required under local law to provide counseling about and referrals for abortion as a method of family planning.Does it restrict direct U.S. Funding for abortion overseas?. U.S.

Funding for abortion is already restricted under several provisions of the law. Specifically, before the Mexico City Policy was first announced in 1984, U.S. Law already prohibited the use of U.S. Aid:to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortion (the Helms Amendment, 1973, to the Foreign Assistance Act);for biomedical research related to methods of or the performance of abortion as a means of family planning (the Biden Amendment, 1981, to the Foreign Assistance Act).

Andto lobby for or against abortion (the Siljander Amendment, first included in annual appropriations in 1981 and included each year thereafter).Then, shortly after the policy was announced in 1984, the Kemp-Kasten Amendment was passed in 1985, prohibiting the use of U.S. Aid to fund any organization or program, as determined by the president, that supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization (it is now included in annual appropriations).Before the Mexico City Policy, U.S. Aid recipients could use non-U.S. Funds to engage in certain abortion-related activities but were required to maintain segregated accounts for U.S.

Assistance. The Mexico City Policy reversed this practice. No longer were foreign NGOs allowed to use non-U.S. Funds, maintained in segregated accounts, for voluntary abortion-related activities if they wished to continue to receive or be able to receive U.S.

Family planning funds.Does the policy prohibit post-abortion care?. The Mexico City Policy does not restrict the provision of post-abortion care, which is a supported activity of U.S. Family planning assistance. Whether or not the Mexico City Policy is in effect, recipients of U.S.

Family planning assistance are allowed to use U.S. And non-U.S. Funding to support post-abortion care, no matter the circumstances of the abortion (whether it was legal or illegal).What has been the impact of the policy?. Several studies have looked at the impact of the policy.

A 2011 quantitative analysis by Bendavid, et. Al, found a strong association between the Mexico City Policy and abortion rates in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was recently updated to include several more years of data, again identifying a strong association. Specifically, the updated study found that during periods when the policy was in place, abortion rates rose by 40% in countries with high exposure to the Mexico City Policy compared to those with low exposure, while the use of modern contraceptives declined by 14% and pregnancies increased by 12% in high exposure compared to low exposure countries.

In other words, it found patterns that “strengthen the case for the role played by the policy” in “a substantial increase in abortions across sub-Saharan Africa among women affected by the U.S. Mexico City Policy … [and] a corresponding decline in the use of modern contraception and increase in pregnancies,” likely because foreign NGOs that declined U.S. Funding as a result of the Mexico City Policy – often key providers of women’s health services in these areas – had fewer resources to support family planning services, particularly contraceptives. Increased access to and use of contraception have been shown to be key to preventing unintended pregnancies and thereby reducing abortion, including unsafe abortion.

The study also found patterns that “suggest that the effects of the policy are reversible” when the policy is not in place.Additionally, there has been anecdotal evidence and qualitative data on the impact of the policy, when it has been in force in the past, on the work of organizations that have chosen not to agree to the policy and, therefore, forgo U.S. Funding that had previously supported their activities. For example, they have reported that they have fewer resources to support family planning and reproductive health services, including family planning counseling, contraceptive commodities, condoms, and reproductive cancer screenings.While it is likely too early to assess the full effects of the current policy on NGOs and the individuals they serve, as the policy is applied on a rolling basis as new funding agreements or modifications to existing agreements are made, some early data are available. Several early qualitative and quantitative studies have been released, and at least one long-term, quantitative assessment is underway.

Additionally, an official assessment by the U.S. Department of State on implementation during the first six months of the policy has been released (see below). This review acknowledged that it took “place early in the policy’s implementation, when affected U.S. Government departments and agencies have added a significant portion of the funding affected by the policy to grants and cooperative agreements only recently [i.e., after the period the review examined].

A follow-on analysis would allow an opportunity to address one of the primary concerns presented in feedback from third-party stakeholder organizations, namely that six months is insufficient time to gauge the impacts of” the policy.Nonetheless, it is already clear that the reinstated and expanded version of the policy applies to a much greater amount of U.S. Global health assistance, and greater number of foreign NGOs, across many program areas. KFF has found that more than half (37) of the 64 countries that received U.S. Bilateral global health assistance in FY 2016 allow for legal abortion in at least one case not permitted by the policy and that had the expanded Mexico City Policy been in effect during the FY 2013 – FY 2015 period, at least 1,275 foreign NGOs would have been subject to the policy.

In addition, at least 469 U.S. NGOs that received U.S. Global health assistance during this period would have been required to ensure that their foreign NGO sub-recipients were in compliance. Additional foreign NGOs are likely to be impacted by the policy due to the revised interpretation of “financial support” announced in March 2019 and implemented beginning June 2019.

See “What is ‘financial support’?. € below.A report released in March 2020 by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) provided new information on the number of projects (awards) and NGOs affected. It found that from May 2017 through FY 2018:the policy had been applied to over 1,300 global health projects, with the vast majority of these through USAID and CDC, andNGOs declined to accept the policy in 54 instances, totaling $153 million in declined funding – specifically, seven prime awards amounting to $102 million and 47 sub-awards amounting to $51 million (more than two-thirds of sub-awards were intended for Africa) – across USAID and CDC.

The Department of State and DoD did not identify any instances where NGOs declined to accept the policy conditions.What have the U.S. Government’s reviews of the policy found?. The U.S. Government has published two reviews of the policy to date, with the first examining the initial six months of the policy released in February 2018 and the second examining the first 18 months of the policy released in August 2020.First ReviewIn February 2018, the Department of State announced the findings of an initial six-month review of implementation of the policy through the end of FY 2017 (September 2017).

The report directed agencies to provide greater support for improving understanding of implementation among affected organizations and provided guidance to clarify terms included in standard provisions of grants and cooperative agreements. In the six-month review report, the Department of State report identified a number of “actions” for implementing agencies, such as a need for:more central and field-based training and implementation tools,a clearer explanation of termination of awards for NGOs found to be in violation of the policy, anda clarification of “financial support,” which was not defined in the standard provisions (see “What is financial support?. € below).The six month review also identified the number of affected agreements with prime implementing partners and the number of those that have accepted the Mexico City Policy as part of their agreements through September 2017 (see Table 2). U.S.

Agency or DepartmentPolicy Implementation DateOverall # of Grants and Cooperative Agreements with Global Health Assistance FundingOf Overall #:(From the Policy Implementation Date through 9/30/2017)# That Received New Funding and Accepted Policy# That Received New Funding and Declined to Accept Policy^# That Had Not Received New Funding YetUSAIDMay 15, 20175804193158State*May 15, 2017142108034HHS+May 31, 20174991600339DoDMay 15, 20177742134TOTAL12987294565NOTES. * reflects PEPFAR funding implemented through the Department of State. Other departments and agencies implement the majority of PEPFAR funding. + At HHS agencies, only certain assistance funding transferred from USAID, State, and DoD are subject to the policy.

^ As of September 30, 2017, USAID reported it was aware of three centrally funded prime partners, and 12 sub-awardee implementing partners, that declined to agree to the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA) terms in their awards. DoD reported that one DoD partner, a U.S. NGO, declined to agree in one country but accepted the PLGHA standard provision in other countries. And HHS reported that no HHS partners declined to agree.SOURCES.

KFF analysis of data from Department of State, “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Six-Month Review,” report, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.state.gov/protecting-life-in-global-health-assistance-six-month-review/.Second ReviewOn August 17, 2020, the Department of State released its second review of the policy, updating its initial six-month review (as an action item in the six-month review report, the department stated it would “conduct a further review of implementation of the policy by December 15, 2018, when more extensive experience will enable a more thorough examination of the benefits and challenges”). The long-anticipated review, which examines the period from May 2017 through September 2018, found:the awards declined spanned a variety of program areas, including family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH), HIV and AIDS (HIV/AIDS), maternal and child health (MCH), tuberculosis (TB), and nutrition, in addition to cross-cutting awards;the awards declined spanned geographic areas but many were for activities in sub-Saharan Africa;agencies and departments made efforts to transition projects to another implementer in order to minimize disruption. Butnevertheless, among USAID awards involving health service delivery where prime and sub-award recipients declined to accept the policy, gaps or disruptions in service delivery were sometimes reported.The second review also identified the number of affected agreements with prime implementing partners and the number of those that have accepted the Mexico City Policy as part of their agreements through September 2018 (see Table 3).

U.S. Agency or DepartmentPolicy Implementation Date# of Grants and Cooperative Agreements with Global Health Assistance Funding# of Prime Awardees That Declined to Accept Policy^USAIDMay 15, 20174866State*May 15, 20173350HHS+May 31, 20174661DoDMay 15, 2017531TOTAL13408NOTES. * reflects PEPFAR funding implemented through the Department of State. Other departments and agencies implement the majority of PEPFAR funding.

+ At HHS agencies, only certain assistance funding transferred from USAID, State, and DoD are subject to the policy. ^ As of September 30, 2018, USAID reported it was aware of six centrally funded prime partners, and 47 sub-awardee implementing partners, that declined to agree to the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA) terms in their awards. DoD reported that one DoD partner, a U.S. NGO, declined to agree in one country but accepted the PLGHA standard provision in other countries.

And HHS reported that one HHS partner declined to agree.SOURCES. KFF analysis of data from Department of State, “Review of the Implementation of the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Policy ,” report, Aug. 17, 2020, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/PLGHA-2019-Review-Final-8.17.2020-508.pdf, and Department of State, “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Six-Month Review,” report, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.state.gov/protecting-life-in-global-health-assistance-six-month-review/.Additionally, the review reports that 47 sub-awardees, all under USAID awards, declined to accept the policy.

It is important to note that the review also states that information on sub-awards is not systematically collected by departments and agencies and that DoD was not able to collect information on sub-awards.What is “financial support”?. In February 2018, in the initial six-month review issued when Secretary of State Tillerson led the department, the Department of State report included an “action” statement to clarify the definition of “financial support” as used in the standard provisions for grants and cooperative agreements. At issue was whether it applied more narrowly to certain funding provided by foreign NGOs (i.e., funding other than U.S. Global health funding) to other foreign NGOs specifically for the purpose of performing or actively promoting abortion as a method of family planning or if it applied more broadly to certain funding provided by foreign NGOs to other foreign NGOs for any purpose, if that foreign NGO happened to perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.

The State Department clarified that it was the more narrow interpretation.However, on March 26, 2019, Secretary of State Pompeo reversed this interpretation, announcing further “refinements” to the policy to clarify that it applied to the broader definition of financial support. Specifically, under the policy, U.S.-supported foreign NGOs agree to not provide any financial support (global health-related as well as other support), no matter the source of funds, to any other foreign NGO that performs or actively promotes abortion as a method of family planning. In June 2019, USAID provided additional information to reflect this broader interpretation of the standard provisions.This marks the first time the policy has been applied this broadly, as it can now affect funding provided by other donors (such as other governments and foundations) and non-global health funding provided by the U.S. Government for a wide range of purposes if this funding is first provided to foreign NGOs who have accepted the policy (as recipients of U.S.

Global health assistance) that then in turn provide that donor or U.S. Non global health funding for any purpose to foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning. For example, under the prior interpretation, a foreign NGO recipient of U.S. Global health funding could not provide any non-U.S.

Funding to another foreign NGO to perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning but could provide funding for other activities, such as education, even if the foreign NGO carried out prohibited activities. Under the broader interpretation, a foreign NGO could not provide any non-U.S. Funding for any activity to a foreign NGO that carried out prohibited activities. Similarly, while under the prior interpretation a foreign NGO recipient of U.S.

Global health funding could provide other U.S. Funding (such as humanitarian assistance) to another foreign NGO for non-prohibited activities, even if the foreign NGO carried out prohibited activities, now under the broader interpretation, it could not do so.What are the next steps in implementing the expanded policy?. The policy went into effect in May 2017 (see Table 2), although it is applied on a rolling basis, as new funding agreements and modifications to existing agreements occur. While it applies to all grants and cooperative agreements, the Trump administration has indicated that it intends the policy to apply to contracts, which would require a rule-making process (it began this process by publishing a proposed rule in September 2020)..

About This TrackerThis tracker provides kamagra oral jelly uk sales the number of confirmed cases and deaths from novel erectile dysfunction by country, the trend in confirmed case and death counts by country, and a global map showing which countries have confirmed Seroquel online purchase cases and deaths. The data are drawn from the Johns Hopkins University (JHU) erectile dysfunction Resource Center’s erectile dysfunction treatment Map and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) erectile dysfunction Disease (erectile dysfunction treatment-2019) situation reports.This tracker will be updated regularly, as new data are released.Related Content. About erectile dysfunction treatment erectile dysfunctionIn late 2019, a new erectile dysfunction emerged in central China to cause disease kamagra oral jelly uk sales in humans. Cases of this disease, known as erectile dysfunction treatment, have since been reported across around the globe.

On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the kamagra represents a public health emergency of international concern, and on January 31, kamagra oral jelly uk sales 2020, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared it to be a health emergency for the United States.Key PointsOn January 23, 2017, President Donald Trump reinstated and expanded the Mexico City Policy via presidential memorandum, renaming it “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance.” This explainer provides an overview of the policy, including its history, changes over time, and current application.First announced in 1984 by the Reagan administration, the policy has been rescinded and reinstated by subsequent administrations along party lines and has now been in effect for 19 of the past 34 years.The policy requires foreign non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to certify that they will not “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning” using funds from any source (including non-U.S. Funds) as a condition of receiving kamagra oral jelly uk sales U.S. Government global family planning assistance and, as of Jan.

23, 2017, kamagra oral jelly uk sales most other U.S. Global health assistance.The Trump administration’s application of the policy extends to the vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health kamagra oral jelly uk sales assistance, including funding for HIV under PEPFAR, maternal and child health, malaria, nutrition, and other programs. This marks a significant expansion of its scope, potentially encompassing $7.3 billion in FY 2020, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly (family planning assistance accounts for approximately $600 million of that total).Additionally, as a result of a March 2019 policy announcement and subsequent information released in June 2019, the policy, for the first time, prohibits foreign NGOs who accept the policy from providing any financial support using any source of funds and for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.

This greatly extends its reach kamagra oral jelly uk sales to other areas of U.S. Development assistance beyond global health and to other non-U.S. Funding streams.More recently, in kamagra oral jelly uk sales September 2020, a proposed rule to extend the policy to contracts was published. If finalized, it would greatly extend the reach of the policy beyond grants and cooperative agreements to also include contracts.KFF analyses have found that:more than half of the countries in which the U.S.

Provides bilateral global health assistance allow for legal abortion in at least one case kamagra oral jelly uk sales not permitted by the policy (analysis). Andhad the expanded policy been in effect during the FY 2013 – FY 2015 period, at least 1,275 foreign NGOs would have been subject to the policy (analysis).What is the Mexico City Policy?. The Mexico City Policy is a kamagra oral jelly uk sales U.S. Government policy that – when in effect – has required foreign NGOs to certify that they will not “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning” using funds from any source (including non-U.S.

Funds) as kamagra oral jelly uk sales a condition of receiving U.S. Global family planning assistance and, as of Jan. 23, 2017, kamagra oral jelly uk sales most other U.S. Global health assistance.The policy was first announced by the Reagan administration at the 2nd International Conference on Population, which was held in Mexico City, Mexico, on August 6-14, 1984 (hence its name.

See Box 1) kamagra oral jelly uk sales. Under the Trump administration, the policy has been renamed “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance” (PLGHA). Among opponents, it is also known as the “Global Gag Rule,” because among other activities, it prohibits foreign NGOs from using any funds kamagra oral jelly uk sales (including non-U.S. Funds) to provide information about abortion as a method of family planning and to lobby a foreign government to legalize abortion.

€œ[T]he United kamagra oral jelly uk sales States does not consider abortion an acceptable element of family planning programs and will no longer contribute to those of which it is a part. €¦[T]he United States will no longer contribute to separate nongovernmental organizations which perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in other nations.”When first instituted in 1984, the Mexico City Policy marked an expansion of existing legislative restrictions that already prohibited U.S. Funding for abortion internationally, with kamagra oral jelly uk sales some exceptions (see below). Prior to the policy, foreign NGOs could use non-U.S.

Funds to engage in certain kamagra oral jelly uk sales voluntary abortion-related activities as long as they maintained segregated accounts for any U.S. Money received, but after the Mexico City Policy was in place, they were no longer permitted to do so if they wanted to receive U.S. Family planning assistance.The Trump administration’s application of the policy to the kamagra oral jelly uk sales vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health assistance, including funding for HIV under the U.S.

President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), maternal and child health, malaria, nutrition, and other programs, marks a significant expansion of its scope, potentially encompassing $7.3 billion in FY 2020, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly (family kamagra oral jelly uk sales planning assistance accounted for approximately $600 million of that total). The Administration’s more recent extension of the policy to include any financial support (health or otherwise) provided by foreign NGOs for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning is likely to encompass significant additional funding.When has it been in effect?. The Mexico City Policy has been in effect for 19 of the past 34 years, primarily through executive action, and has been instated, rescinded, and reinstated by presidential administrations along party lines (see Table 1).The policy was first instituted in 1984 (taking effect in 1985) by President Ronald Reagan and continued to be in effect through President George H.W. Bush’s administration kamagra oral jelly uk sales.

It was rescinded by President Bill Clinton in 1993 (although it was reinstated legislatively for one year during his second term. See below) kamagra oral jelly uk sales. The policy was reinstated by President George W. Bush in 2001 and then rescinded by President Barack Obama kamagra oral jelly uk sales in 2009.

It is currently in effect, having been reinstated by President Trump in 2017. YearsIn Effect? kamagra oral jelly uk sales. Presidential Administration (Party Affiliation)Executive (E) or Congressional (C) Action?. 1985-1989YesReagan (R)E1989-1993YesBush (R)E1993-1999 Sept.NoClinton (D)E1999 Oct.-2000 Sept.Yes*Clinton (D)C2000 Oct.-2001NoClinton (D)E2001-2009YesBush (R)E2009-2017NoObama (D)E2017-presentYesTrump (R)ENOTES kamagra oral jelly uk sales.

Shaded blue indicate periods when policy was in effect. * There was a temporary, one-year legislative imposition of the policy, which included a portion of the restrictions in effect in other years and an option for the president kamagra oral jelly uk sales to waive these restrictions in part. However, if the waiver option was exercised (for no more than $15 million in family planning assistance), then $12.5 million of this funding would be transferred to maternal and child health assistance. The president did exercise the waiver option.SOURCES kamagra oral jelly uk sales.

€œPolicy Statement of the United States of America at the United Nations International Conference on Population (Second Session), Mexico City, Mexico, August 6-14, 1984,” undated. Bill Clinton Administration, kamagra oral jelly uk sales “Subject. AID Family Planning Grants/Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Acting Administrator of the Agency for International Development, January 22, 1993, Clinton White House Archives, https://clintonwhitehouse6.archives.gov/1993/01/1993-01-22-aid-family-planning-grants-mexico-city-policy.html. FY 2000 kamagra oral jelly uk sales Consolidated Appropriations Act, P.L.

106-113. George W kamagra oral jelly uk sales. Bush Administration, “Subject. Restoration of the Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, January 22, 2001, Bush Administration White kamagra oral jelly uk sales House Archives, https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/20010123-5.html.

€œSubject. Restoration of the Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Administrator of the United States kamagra oral jelly uk sales Agency for International Development, March 28, 2001, Federal Register, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2001/03/29/01-8011/restoration-of-the-mexico-city-policy. George W. Bush Administration, “Subject kamagra oral jelly uk sales.

Assistance for Voluntary Population Planning,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, August 29, 2003, Bush Administration White House Archives, http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/08/20030829-3.html. Barack Obama Administration, “Mexico City Policy and Assistance for Voluntary Population Planning,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, January 23, 2009, Obama kamagra oral jelly uk sales White House Archives, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/mexico-city-policy-and-assistance-voluntary-population-planning. White House, “The Mexico City Policy,” Memorandum for the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development, Jan. 23, 2017, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/23/presidential-memorandum-regarding-mexico-city-policy.How kamagra oral jelly uk sales is it instituted (and rescinded)?.

The Mexico City Policy has, for the most part, been instituted or rescinded through executive branch action (typically via presidential memoranda). While Congress has the ability to institute the policy through legislation, this has happened only once in the kamagra oral jelly uk sales past. A modified version of the policy was briefly applied by Congress during President Clinton’s last year in office as part of a broader arrangement to pay the U.S. Debt to kamagra oral jelly uk sales the United Nations.

(At that time, President Clinton was able to partially waive the policy’s restrictions.) Other attempts to institute the policy through legislation have not been enacted into law, nor have legislative attempts to overturn the policy. See Table 1.Who does the kamagra oral jelly uk sales policy apply to?. The policy, when in effect, applies to foreign NGOs as a condition for receiving U.S. Family planning support and, now, other global health assistance, either directly (as the main – or prime – recipient of U.S.

Funding) or kamagra oral jelly uk sales indirectly (as a recipient of U.S. Funding through an agreement with the prime recipient. Referred to kamagra oral jelly uk sales as a sub-recipient). Specifically, a foreign NGO “recipient agrees that it will not, during the term of this award, perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning in foreign countries or provide financial support to any other foreign non-governmental organization that conducts such activities.”Foreign NGOs include:international NGOs that are based outside the U.S.,regional NGOs that are based outside the U.S., andlocal NGOs in assisted countries.U.S.

NGOs, while not directly subject to the Mexico City Policy, must also agree to ensure that they do not provide funding to any foreign NGO sub-recipients unless those sub-recipients have first certified adherence to the policy kamagra oral jelly uk sales. Specifically, a U.S. NGO “recipient (A) agrees that it will not furnish health assistance under this award to any foreign non-governmental organization that performs or actively promotes abortion as a method kamagra oral jelly uk sales of family planning in foreign countries. And (B) further agrees to require that such sub-recipients do not provide financial support to any other foreign non-governmental organization that conducts such activities.”As in the past, the current policy does not apply to funding provided by the U.S.

Government to foreign governments (national or sub-national), public international organizations, and other multilateral entities, such as the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, kamagra oral jelly uk sales Tuberculosis and Malaria and Gavi, the treatment Alliance. However, this funding is subject to the policy if it flows through a foreign NGO that has accepted the policy. See “What kamagra oral jelly uk sales is ‘financial support’?. € below.To what assistance does it apply?.

In the past, foreign NGOs have been required to adhere to the Mexico City Policy – when it was in effect – as a condition of receiving support through kamagra oral jelly uk sales certain U.S. International funding streams. Family planning assistance through the kamagra oral jelly uk sales U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and, beginning in 2003, family planning assistance through the U.S.

Department of State kamagra oral jelly uk sales. In the 2003 memorandum announcing the policy’s expansion to include the Department of State, President Bush stated that the policy did not apply to funding for global HIV/AIDS programs and that multilateral organizations that are associations of governments are not included among “foreign NGOs.”The current policy, reinstated in 2017, applies to the vast majority of U.S. Bilateral global health kamagra oral jelly uk sales assistance furnished by all agencies and departments. “Assistance” includes “the provision of funds, commodities, equipment, or other in-kind global health assistance.” Specifically, the expanded policy applies to nearly all bilateral global health assistance, including.

family planning and reproductive healthfor the first time:maternal and child health (including household-level water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH))nutritionHIV under PEPFARtuberculosismalaria under the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI)neglected tropical diseasesglobal health securitycertain types of research activitiesThe policy applies to the assistance kamagra oral jelly uk sales described above that is appropriated directly to three agencies and departments. USAID. The Department of State, including the Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator, which oversees and kamagra oral jelly uk sales coordinates U.S. Global HIV funding under PEPFAR.

And for the first time, the Department of Defense kamagra oral jelly uk sales (DoD). When such funding is transferred to another agency, including the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), it remains subject to the policy, to the extent that such funding is ultimately provided to foreign NGOs, directly or indirectly.The policy applies to three types of funding agreements for such assistance. Grants. Cooperative agreements.

And, for the first time, contracts, pending necessary rule-making that would be needed to do so (a proposed rule to accomplish this was published in September 2020).The policy does not apply to U.S. Assistance for. Water supply and sanitation activities, which is usually focused on infrastructure and systems. Humanitarian assistance, including activities related to migration and refugee assistance activities as well as disaster and humanitarian relief activities.

The American Schools and Hospitals Abroad (ASHA) program. And Food for Peace (FFP). However, this funding is subject to the policy if it flows through a foreign NGO that has accepted the policy. See “What is ‘financial support’?.

€ below.What activities are prohibited?. The policy prohibits foreign NGOs that receive U.S. Family planning assistance and, now, most other U.S. Bilateral global health assistance from using funds from any source (including non-U.S.

Funds) to “perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.” In addition to providing abortions with non-U.S. Funds, restricted activities also include the following:providing advice and information about and offering referral for abortion – where legal – as part of the full range of family planning options,promoting changes in a country’s laws or policies related to abortion as a method of family planning (i.e., engaging in lobbying), andconducting public information campaigns about abortion as a method of family planning.The prohibition of these activities are why the policy has been referred to by its critics as the “Global Gag Rule.”Additionally, for the first time, the policy prohibits foreign NGOs from providing any financial support with any source of funds (including non-U.S. Funding) and for any purpose to other foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning. See “What is “financial support?.

€ below.The policy, however, does not prohibit foreign NGOs from:providing advice and information about, performing, or offering referral for abortion in cases where the pregnancy has either posed a risk to the life of the mother or resulted from incest or rape. Andresponding to a question about where a safe, legal abortion may be obtained when a woman who is already pregnant clearly states that she has already decided to have a legal abortion (passively providing information, versus actively providing medically-appropriate information).In addition, the expanded policy does not apply to healthcare providers who have an affirmative duty required under local law to provide counseling about and referrals for abortion as a method of family planning.Does it restrict direct U.S. Funding for abortion overseas?. U.S.

Funding for abortion is already restricted under several provisions of the law. Specifically, before the Mexico City Policy was first announced in 1984, U.S. Law already prohibited the use of U.S. Aid:to pay for the performance of abortion as a method of family planning or to motivate or coerce any person to practice abortion (the Helms Amendment, 1973, to the Foreign Assistance Act);for biomedical research related to methods of or the performance of abortion as a means of family planning (the Biden Amendment, 1981, to the Foreign Assistance Act).

Andto lobby for or against abortion (the Siljander Amendment, first included in annual appropriations in 1981 and included each year thereafter).Then, shortly after the policy was announced in 1984, the Kemp-Kasten Amendment was passed in 1985, prohibiting the use of U.S. Aid to fund any organization or program, as determined by the president, that supports or participates in the management of a program of coercive abortion or involuntary sterilization (it is now included in annual appropriations).Before the Mexico City Policy, U.S. Aid recipients could use non-U.S. Funds to engage in certain abortion-related activities but were required to maintain segregated accounts for U.S.

Assistance. The Mexico City Policy reversed this practice. No longer were foreign NGOs allowed to use non-U.S. Funds, maintained in segregated accounts, for voluntary abortion-related activities if they wished to continue to receive or be able to receive U.S.

Family planning funds.Does the policy prohibit post-abortion care?. The Mexico City Policy does not restrict the provision of post-abortion care, which is a supported activity of U.S. Family planning assistance. Whether or not the Mexico City Policy is in effect, recipients of U.S.

Family planning assistance are allowed to use U.S. And non-U.S. Funding to support post-abortion care, no matter the circumstances of the abortion (whether it was legal or illegal).What has been the impact of the policy?. Several studies have looked at the impact of the policy.

A 2011 quantitative analysis by Bendavid, et. Al, found a strong association between the Mexico City Policy and abortion rates in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was recently updated to include several more years of data, again identifying a strong association. Specifically, the updated study found that during periods when the policy was in place, abortion rates rose by 40% in countries with high exposure to the Mexico City Policy compared to those with low exposure, while the use of modern contraceptives declined by 14% and pregnancies increased by 12% in high exposure compared to low exposure countries.

In other words, it found patterns that “strengthen the case for the role played by the policy” in “a substantial increase in abortions across sub-Saharan Africa among women affected by the U.S. Mexico City Policy … [and] a corresponding decline in the use of modern contraception and increase in pregnancies,” likely because foreign NGOs that declined U.S. Funding as a result of the Mexico City Policy – often key providers of women’s health services in these areas – had fewer resources to support family planning services, particularly contraceptives. Increased access to and use of contraception have been shown to be key to preventing unintended pregnancies and thereby reducing abortion, including unsafe abortion.

The study also found patterns that “suggest that the effects of the policy are reversible” when the policy is not in place.Additionally, there has been anecdotal evidence and qualitative data on the impact of the policy, when it has been in force in the past, on the work of organizations that have chosen not to agree to the policy and, therefore, forgo U.S. Funding that had previously supported their activities. For example, they have reported that they have fewer resources to support family planning and reproductive health services, including family planning counseling, contraceptive commodities, condoms, and reproductive cancer screenings.While it is likely too early to assess the full effects of the current policy on NGOs and the individuals they serve, as the policy is applied on a rolling basis as new funding agreements or modifications to existing agreements are made, some early data are available. Several early qualitative and quantitative studies have been released, and at least one long-term, quantitative assessment is underway.

Additionally, an official assessment by the U.S. Department of State on implementation during the first six months of the policy has been released (see below). This review acknowledged that it took “place early in the policy’s implementation, when affected U.S. Government departments and agencies have added a significant portion of the funding affected by the policy to grants and cooperative agreements only recently [i.e., after the period the review examined].

A follow-on analysis would allow an opportunity to address one of the primary concerns presented in feedback from third-party stakeholder organizations, namely that six months is insufficient time to gauge the impacts of” the policy.Nonetheless, it is already clear that the reinstated and expanded version of the policy applies to a much greater amount of U.S. Global health assistance, and greater number of foreign NGOs, across many program areas. KFF has found that more than half (37) of the 64 countries that received U.S. Bilateral global health assistance in FY 2016 allow for legal abortion in at least one case not permitted by the policy and that had the expanded Mexico City Policy been in effect during the FY 2013 – FY 2015 period, at least 1,275 foreign NGOs would have been subject to the policy.

In addition, at least 469 U.S. NGOs that received U.S. Global health assistance during this period would have been required to ensure that their foreign NGO sub-recipients were in compliance. Additional foreign NGOs are likely to be impacted by the policy due to the revised interpretation of “financial support” announced in March 2019 and implemented beginning June 2019.

See “What is ‘financial support’?. € below.A report released in March 2020 by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) provided new information on the number of projects (awards) and NGOs affected. It found that from May 2017 through FY 2018:the policy had been applied to over 1,300 global health projects, with the vast majority of these through USAID and CDC, andNGOs declined to accept the policy in 54 instances, totaling $153 million in declined funding – specifically, seven prime awards amounting to $102 million and 47 sub-awards amounting to $51 million (more than two-thirds of sub-awards were intended for Africa) – across USAID and CDC.

The Department of State and DoD did not identify any instances where NGOs declined to accept the policy conditions.What have the U.S. Government’s reviews of the policy found?. The U.S. Government has published two reviews of the policy to date, with the first examining the initial six months of the policy released in February 2018 and the second examining the first 18 months of the policy released in August 2020.First ReviewIn February 2018, the Department of State announced the findings of an initial six-month review of implementation of the policy through the end of FY 2017 (September 2017).

The report directed agencies to provide greater support for improving understanding of implementation among affected organizations and provided guidance to clarify terms included in standard provisions of grants and cooperative agreements. In the six-month review report, the Department of State report identified a number of “actions” for implementing agencies, such as a need for:more central and field-based training and implementation tools,a clearer explanation of termination of awards for NGOs found to be in violation of the policy, anda clarification of “financial support,” which was not defined in the standard provisions (see “What is financial support?. € below).The six month review also identified the number of affected agreements with prime implementing partners and the number of those that have accepted the Mexico City Policy as part of their agreements through September 2017 (see Table 2). U.S.

Agency or DepartmentPolicy Implementation DateOverall # of Grants and Cooperative Agreements with Global Health Assistance FundingOf Overall #:(From the Policy Implementation Date through 9/30/2017)# That Received New Funding and Accepted Policy# That Received New Funding and Declined to Accept Policy^# That Had Not Received New Funding YetUSAIDMay 15, 20175804193158State*May 15, 2017142108034HHS+May 31, 20174991600339DoDMay 15, 20177742134TOTAL12987294565NOTES. * reflects PEPFAR funding implemented through the Department of State. Other departments and agencies implement the majority of PEPFAR funding. + At HHS agencies, only certain assistance funding transferred from USAID, State, and DoD are subject to the policy.

^ As of September 30, 2017, USAID reported it was aware of three centrally funded prime partners, and 12 sub-awardee implementing partners, that declined to agree to the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA) terms in their awards. DoD reported that one DoD partner, a U.S. NGO, declined to agree in one country but accepted the PLGHA standard provision in other countries. And HHS reported that no HHS partners declined to agree.SOURCES.

KFF analysis of data from Department of State, “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Six-Month Review,” report, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.state.gov/protecting-life-in-global-health-assistance-six-month-review/.Second ReviewOn August 17, 2020, the Department of State released its second review of the policy, updating its initial six-month review (as an action item in the six-month review report, the department stated it would “conduct a further review of implementation of the policy by December 15, 2018, when more extensive experience will enable a more thorough examination of the benefits and challenges”). The long-anticipated review, which examines the period from May 2017 through September 2018, found:the awards declined spanned a variety of program areas, including family planning and reproductive health (FP/RH), HIV and AIDS (HIV/AIDS), maternal and child health (MCH), tuberculosis (TB), and nutrition, in addition to cross-cutting awards;the awards declined spanned geographic areas but many were for activities in sub-Saharan Africa;agencies and departments made efforts to transition projects to another implementer in order to minimize disruption. Butnevertheless, among USAID awards involving health service delivery where prime and sub-award recipients declined to accept the policy, gaps or disruptions in service delivery were sometimes reported.The second review also identified the number of affected agreements with prime implementing partners and the number of those that have accepted the Mexico City Policy as part of their agreements through September 2018 (see Table 3).

U.S. Agency or DepartmentPolicy Implementation Date# of Grants and Cooperative Agreements with Global Health Assistance Funding# of Prime Awardees That Declined to Accept Policy^USAIDMay 15, 20174866State*May 15, 20173350HHS+May 31, 20174661DoDMay 15, 2017531TOTAL13408NOTES. * reflects PEPFAR funding implemented through the Department of State. Other departments and agencies implement the majority of PEPFAR funding.

+ At HHS agencies, only certain assistance funding transferred from USAID, State, and DoD are subject to the policy. ^ As of September 30, 2018, USAID reported it was aware of six centrally funded prime partners, and 47 sub-awardee implementing partners, that declined to agree to the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance (PLGHA) terms in their awards. DoD reported that one DoD partner, a U.S. NGO, declined to agree in one country but accepted the PLGHA standard provision in other countries.

And HHS reported that one HHS partner declined to agree.SOURCES. KFF analysis of data from Department of State, “Review of the Implementation of the Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Policy ,” report, Aug. 17, 2020, https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/PLGHA-2019-Review-Final-8.17.2020-508.pdf, and Department of State, “Protecting Life in Global Health Assistance Six-Month Review,” report, Feb. 6, 2018, https://www.state.gov/protecting-life-in-global-health-assistance-six-month-review/.Additionally, the review reports that 47 sub-awardees, all under USAID awards, declined to accept the policy.

It is important to note that the review also states that information on sub-awards is not systematically collected by departments and agencies and that DoD was not able to collect information on sub-awards.What is “financial support”?. In February 2018, in the initial six-month review issued when Secretary of State Tillerson led the department, the Department of State report included an “action” statement to clarify the definition of “financial support” as used in the standard provisions for grants and cooperative agreements. At issue was whether it applied more narrowly to certain funding provided by foreign NGOs (i.e., funding other than U.S. Global health funding) to other foreign NGOs specifically for the purpose of performing or actively promoting abortion as a method of family planning or if it applied more broadly to certain funding provided by foreign NGOs to other foreign NGOs for any purpose, if that foreign NGO happened to perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning.

The State Department clarified that it was the more narrow interpretation.However, on March 26, 2019, Secretary of State Pompeo reversed this interpretation, announcing further “refinements” to the policy to clarify that it applied to the broader definition of financial support. Specifically, under the policy, U.S.-supported foreign NGOs agree to not provide any financial support (global health-related as well as other support), no matter the source of funds, to any other foreign NGO that performs or actively promotes abortion as a method of family planning. In June 2019, USAID provided additional information to reflect this broader interpretation of the standard provisions.This marks the first time the policy has been applied this broadly, as it can now affect funding provided by other donors (such as other governments and foundations) and non-global health funding provided by the U.S. Government for a wide range of purposes if this funding is first provided to foreign NGOs who have accepted the policy (as recipients of U.S.

Global health assistance) that then in turn provide that donor or U.S. Non global health funding for any purpose to foreign NGOs that perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning. For example, under the prior interpretation, a foreign NGO recipient of U.S. Global health funding could not provide any non-U.S.

Funding to another foreign NGO to perform or actively promote abortion as a method of family planning but could provide funding for other activities, such as education, even if the foreign NGO carried out prohibited activities. Under the broader interpretation, a foreign NGO could not provide any non-U.S. Funding for any activity to a foreign NGO that carried out prohibited activities. Similarly, while under the prior interpretation a foreign NGO recipient of U.S.

Global health funding could provide other U.S. Funding (such as humanitarian assistance) to another foreign NGO for non-prohibited activities, even if the foreign NGO carried out prohibited activities, now under the broader interpretation, it could not do so.What are the next steps in implementing the expanded policy?. The policy went into effect in May 2017 (see Table 2), although it is applied on a rolling basis, as new funding agreements and modifications to existing agreements occur. While it applies to all grants and cooperative agreements, the Trump administration has indicated that it intends the policy to apply to contracts, which would require a rule-making process (it began this process by publishing a proposed rule in September 2020)..

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